Bibliographical Note
Unpublished documentary sources in the National Archives provided the bulk of the information presented in this book. First and basic were the construction records of the Corps of Engineers and the Quartermaster Corps. Comprising letters, memorandums, circulars, reports, minutes, manuals, plans, and other materials, and ranging in subject matter from high-level policy decisions to the minutiae of on-site activity, these records consumed countless hours of research and study. Less voluminous but no less essential to the story were relevant records of other elements of the Army—the War Department General Staff, the Army Air Forces, the Army Service Forces, and The Adjutant General’s, Inspector General’s, Medical, and Ordnance Departments—and of the Secretary of War, the Under Secretary of War (including two special collections, the Madigan and Ohly files), and the Joint Army and Navy Munitions Board. For nonmilitary aspects of the building program, papers in the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, the records of the U.S. Congress, and the records of the War Production Board were indispensable. All files except those of the Corps of Engineers bear identifying symbols in the footnotes. Federal Records of World War II, Volumes I and II, prepared by the General Services Administration, National Archives and Records Service, the National Archives (Washington: 1950–51), offers a general guide to researchers.
Supplementing official archival records was a welter of unpublished primary material, (1) Convenience files maintained by operating elements of the Office, Chief of Engineers, were helpful in tracing developments. Containing informal memos, working notes, transcripts of telephone conversations, briefings, logs, and diaries, these files often told the inside story. Some of these collections have been destroyed and screenings have made inroads on the rest. Photostats of essential documents are preserved in the Engineer Historical Division. (2) Private papers of participants also shed light on events. Those of Joseph A. Bayer, Harry W. Loving, Victor V. Martin, Maj. Gen. Russell L. Maxwell, Lt. Gen. Samuel D. Sturgis, Jr., Col. Elmer G. Thomas, and Col. Gerald R. Tyler afforded worthwhile insights. Exceptionally valuable was the Diary of Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson for the years 1940–1945. The Martin and Sturgis papers are in EHD; the Maxwell papers, in the U.S. Army Military History Research Collection at the Army War College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. The Stimson Diary is in the Henry L. Stimson Papers, Yale University Library. (3) Contemporary accounts by participants provided important background information and pertinent detail. Especially valuable were Lt. Col. David B. Gideon, History of Military Real Estate Program, 1939–1945; Gavin Hadden (comp.), Manhattan District History; Gavin Hadden, The Pentagon Project; Col. Walter E. Lorence, Logistics in World War II: Engineer Phase; Harry W. Loving, History of the Fixed Fee Branch; Harry W. Loving, History of the Construction Division, OQMG;
Brig. Gen. Richard C. Marshall, Jr., History of the Construction Division of the Army; and Col. Fred G. Sherrill, Lumber in the War. The Atomic Energy Commission made available the Manhattan District History. Copies of the other manuscripts are in EHD. (4) Records of the Associated General Contractors of America furnished explanations of industry’s position on key issues.
Interviews and correspondence with participants were stimulating and productive. Of the several hundred persons who shared their recollections with the authors, the following are due especial mention: Col. Donald E. Antes; Whitney Ashbridge; Samuel S. Baxter; Joseph A. Bayer; George E. Bertram; Col. Mortimer B. Birdseye; Robert C. Blair; Edward J. Block; Everard H. Boeckh; W. Keith Boyd; Leslie E. Brigham; Maj. Gen. James H. Burns; Lt. Gen. Levin H. Campbell, Jr.; Arthur Casagrande; Ralph H. Case; Maj. Gen. Hugh J. Casey; Lt. Gen. Stephen J. Chamberlin; Reuben E. Cole; William P. Cornelius; Winnie W. Cox; Brig. Gen. Wilmot A. Danielson; Lt. Gen. Garrison H. Davidson; General John L. DeWitt; M. Scott Dickson; Ferdinand J. C. Dresser; Brig. Gen. Christian F. Dreyer; Herbert E. Foreman; Mark C. Fox; Maj. Gen. James L. Frink; James F. Grafton; Lt. Gen. Edmund B. Gregory; Lt. Gen. Leslie R. Groves; Frank M. Gunby; Gavin Hadden; Maj. Gen. John R. Hardin; Col. Bartley M. Harloe; Maj. Gen. Charles T. Harris, Jr.; Brig. Gen. Charles D. Hartman; Forrest S. Harvey; Maj. Gen. Kester L. Hastings; Gail A. Hathaway; John P. Hogan; Col. Simon Jacobson; Louis A. Johnson; Col. Homer W. Jones; Wilbur E. Kelley; Lincoln G. Kelly; Col. Elmer E. Kirkpatrick; Oscar I. Koke; Frank E. Lamphere; Maj. Gen. Edmond H. Leavey; Lt. Gen. John C. H. Lee; Marshall O. Leighton, Luther M. Leisenring; Col. George F. Lewis; Harry W. Loving; Michael J. Madigan; General of the Army George C. Marshall; Brig. Gen. James C. Marshall; Brig. Gen. Richard C. Marshall, Jr.; Franklin T. Matthais; Maj. Gen. Russell L. Maxwell; John J. McCloy; Frank M. Mellinger; James T. Mitchell; Maj. Gen. Richard C. Moore; Admiral Ben Moreell; Maj. Gen. Kenneth D. Nichols; Col. Howard B. Nurse; Jean M. O’Leary; Mary B. Pagan; Robert R. Philippe; Malcolm Pirnie; Maj. Gen. Ewart G. Plank; O. James Porter; Thomas B. Pringle; Maj. Gen. Milton A. Reckord; Brig. Gen. Clarence Renshaw; Lt. Gen. Eugene Reybold; Col. Lloyd C. Ritchie; Maj. Gen. Thomas M. Robins; Maj. Gen. Julian L. Schley; Brig. Gen. John W. N. Schulz; Brig. Gen. A. Owen Seaman; Maj. Gen. Lyle E. Seeman; Evan Shelby; Arthur L. Sherman; Col. Fred G. Sherrill; August G. Sperl; Brig. Gen. James H. Stratton; Lt. Gen. Samuel D. Sturgis, Jr.; Lt. Gen. Wilhelm D. Styer; M. Eugene Sundt; Richard H. Tatlow III; Col. Elmer G. Thomas; Harry S. Traynor; Harry S. Truman; Willard J. Turnbull; Morton C. Tuttle; Col. Gerald R. Tyler; Brig. Gen. George P. Tyner; Col. Rigby D. Valliant; Col. Andre L. Violante; Stephen F. Voorhees; Ezra B. Whitman; T. Cortlandt Williams; Col. Milton E. Wilson; Leon Zach; and Harry B. Zackrison. Interview notes and correspondence are preserved in EHD.
Published books and pamphlets used in preparation of this volume include:–
American Federation of Labor. Building and Construction Trades Department. Reports of Proceedings, Annual Conventions.
Arnold, H. H. Global Mission. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949.
Campbell, Lt. Gen. Levin H., Jr. The Army-Industry Team. New York: Whittlesey House, 1946.
Church, Peggy Pond. The House at Otowi Bridge. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1959.
Civilian Production Administration. Industrial Mobilization for War. Washington: 1947.
–––– . Minutes of the Advisory Commission to the Council of National Defense, June 1, 1940, to October 22, 1941. Washington: 1946.
–––– . Minutes of the Office of Production Management. Washington: 1946.
–––– . Minutes of the Planning Committee of the War Production Board. Washington: 1946.
–––– . Minutes of the War Production Board, January 20, 1942, to October 9, 1945. Washington: 1946.
Compton, Arthur H. Atomic Quest: A Personal Narrative. New York: Oxford University Press, 1956.
Craven, Wesley Frank, and Cate, James Lea (eds.). The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. I: Plans and Early Operations, January 1939 to August 1942. Vol. V: The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki, June 1944 to August 1945. Vol. VI: Men and Planes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948–1955.
Crowell, Benedict. America’s Munitions, 1917–1918. Washington: 1919.
Davis, Nuel P. Lawrence and Oppenheimer. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1968.
Dimock, Marshall E. Congressional Investigating Committees. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1929.
Dunlop, John T., and Hill, Arthur D. The Wage Adjustment Board, Wartime Stabilization in the Building and Construction Industry. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950.
Fermi, Laura. Atoms in the Family: My Life with Enrico Fermi. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1954.
Groueff, Stephane. Manhattan Project: The Untold Story of the Making of the Atomic Bomb. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1967.
Groves, Lt. Gen. Leslie R. Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1962.
Haber, William. Industrial Relations in the Building Industry. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1930.
Hewlett, Richard G., and Anderson, Oscar E., Jr. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Volume I: The New World, 1939–1946. University Park, Pa.: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962.
Holt, W. Stull. The Office of the Chief of Engineers of the Army: Its Non-military History, Activities, and Organization. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1923.
Howard, Donald S. The WPA and Federal Relief Policy. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1943.
Ickes, Harold L. The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes. Volume II: The Inside Struggle, 1936–1939. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1954.
Kreidberg, Lt. Col. Marvin, and Henry, 1st Lt. Merton G. History of Mobilization in the United States Army, 1775–1945 (DA Pamphlet No. 20-212). Washington: 1955.
Lamont, Lansing. Day of Trinity. New York: Atheneum, 1965.
Langer, William L., and Gleason, S. Everett. The Challenge to Isolation, 1937–1940. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952.
–––– . The Undeclared War, 1940–1941. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1953.
Lenny, John J. Caste System in the American Army: A Study of the Corps of Engineers and Their West Point System. New York: Greenberg, 1949.
MacMahon, Arthur W., et al. The Administration of Federal Work Relief. Chicago: Social Science Research Council on Public Administration, 1941.
McGrane, Reginald C. The Facilities and Construction Program of the War Production Board and Predecessor Agencies, May 1940 to May 1945 (WPB Special Study No. 19). Washington: 1946.
Miller, John Perry. Pricing of Military Procurements. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1949.
Millett, John D. The Works Progress Administration in New York City. Chicago: Public Administration Service, 1938.
National Public Works Department Association. This Tells Why the Government Should Have a Department of Public Works. Washington: NPWDA, 1919.
Nelson, Donald M. Arsenal of Democracy: The Story of American War Production. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1946.
Paxson, Frederic L. America at War, 1917–1918. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1939.
Purcell, Richard J. Labor Policies of the National Defense Advisory Commission and the Office of Production Management, May 1940 to April 1942 (WPB Special Study No. 23). Washington: 1946.
Reybold, Lt. Gen. Eugene. Engineers In World War II: A Tribute. Fort Belvoir, Va.: 1945.
Risch, Erna. Quartermaster Support of the Army: History of the Corps, 1775–1939. Washington: 1962.
Robinson, George O. The Oak Ridge Story. Kingsport, Tenn.: Southern Publishers, 1950.
Roosevelt, Franklin D. The Public Papers and Addresses. Samuel I. Rosenman, ed. Vols. VII-XI. New York: The Macmillan Company and Harper & Brothers, 1941–1950.
Rosenman, Samuel I. Working With Roosevelt. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952.
Sherwood, Robert E. Roosevelt and Hopkins, An Intimate History. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948.
Smyth, Henry D. A General Account of the Development of Methods of Using Atomic Energy for Military Purposes under the Auspices of the United States Government. Washington: 1945.
Stimson, Henry L., and Bundy, McGeorge. On Active Service in Peace and War. New York: Harper & Brothers 1947.
Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation. A Report to the People. Boston: Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation, 1946.
Thatcher, Harold W. Planning for Industrial Mobilization, 1920–1940 (Quartermaster Historical Study No. 4). Washington: 1943.
Thompson, Paul W. What You Should Know About the Army Engineers. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1942.
Truman, Harry S. Memoirs. Vol. I: Tear of Decisions. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1955.
United States Army in World War II:
Brophy, Leo P., Miles, Wyndham D., and Cochrane, Rexmond C. The Chemical Warfare Service: From Laboratory to Field. Washington: 1959.
Coll, Blanche D., Keith, Jean E., and Rosenthal, Herbert H. The Corps of Engineers: Troops and Equipment. Washington: 1958.
Conn, Stetson, Engelman, Rose C., and Fairchild, Byron. Guarding the United States and Its Outposts. Washington: 1964.
Dod, Karl C. The Corps of Engineers: The War Against Japan. Washington: 1966.
Green, Constance M., Thomson, Harry C., and Roots, Peter C. The Ordnance Department: Planning Munitions for War. Washington: 1955.
Millett, John D. The Organization and Role of the Army Service Forces. Washington: 1954.
Smith, Clarence McKittrick. The Medical Department: Hospitalization and Evacuation, Zone of Interior. Washington: 1956.
Smith, R. Elberton. The Army and Economic Mobilization. Washington: 1959.
Thomson, Harry C., and Mayo, Lida. The Ordnance Department: Procurement and Supply. Washington: 1960.
Watson, Mark Skinner. Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Preparations. Washington: 1950.
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Hearings in the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer. Washington: 1954.
U.S. Commerce and Labor Departments. Construction Volume and Costs, 1915—1954, A Statistical Supplement to Volume I of Construction Review. Washington: 1955.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments. 70th Congress, 1st and 2nd sessions. Hearings on H.R. 8127, To Provide for the Transfer to the Department of the Interior of the Public Works Functions of the Federal Government; 72nd Congress, 1st session. Hearings on H.R. 6665, To Establish a Public Works Administration, and H.R. 6670, To Create a Department of Public Works.
–––– . Committee on Military Affairs. 66th Congress, 1st and 2nd sessions. Hearings on H.R. 8287, To Reorganize and Increase the Efficiency of the U.S. Army, and House Report 680; 76th Congress, 1st session. Hearings, An Adequate National Defense as Outlined by the Message of the President of the United States; 77th Congress, 1st session. Hearings on H.R. 5630, To Make Provision for the Construction Activities of the Army and Hearings and Reports, Inquiry as to National Defense Construction; 78th Congress, 1st session. Hearings on H.R. 3022, Authorizing the Secretary of War to Use Funds for Adjustment of Contracts.
–––– . Committee on Naval Affairs. 77th Congress, 2nd session. Hearings on Profits on Naval Contracts, Hearings on Sundry Legislation Affecting the Naval Establishment, and Hearings to Permit the Performance of Essential Labor on Naval Contracts; 78th Congress, 1st session. Hearings on H. Res. 30, Authorizing and Directing an Investigation of the Progress of the War Effort.
–––– . Select Committee Investigating National Defense Migration. 77th Congress, 1st session. Hearings and Reports.
–––– . Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations. Hearings on Military Establishment Appropriation Bills, 1939–1945.
–––– . Subcommittee 2 (Camps) of the Select Committee on Expenditures in the War Department. 66th Congress, 1st session. Hearings on War Expenditures.
U.S. Congress. House and Senate. Joint Committee on Reorganization of the Administrative Branch of the Government. 68th Congress, 1st session. Hearings and Reports.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. 50th Congress, 1st session. Hearings on S. 1448, For the Establishment of a Bureau ... of Harbors and Waterways.
––––, Committee on Military Affairs. 65th Congress, 2nd session. Hearings, Investigation of the War Department; 66th Congress, 1st and 2nd sessions. Hearings on S. 2715, To Reorganize and Increase the Efficiency of the U.S. Army and Senate Report 400; 76th Congress, 1st session. Hearings on H.R. 3791, An Adequate National Defense as Outlined by the Message of the President of the United States and Hearings on S. 2562, To Facilitate Certain Construction Work for the Army, and for Other Purposes; 77th Congress, 1st session. Hearings on S. 1884, To Make Provision for the Construction Activities of the Army; 78th Congress, 2nd session. Hearings on S.J. Res. 80, To Prohibit Use of Cost-plus-fixed-fee System of Contracting in Connection with War Contracts.
––––, Committee on Public Lands. 66th Congress, 2nd session. Hearings on S. 2236, To Create a Department of Public Works.
––––, Special Committee Investigating the National Defense Program. 77th and 78th Congresses. Hearings and Reports.
––––, Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations. Hearings on Military Establishment Appropriation Bills, 1939–1945.
U.S. Navy Department. Bureau of Yards and Docks. Building the Navy’s Bases in World War II. Vol. I. Washington: 1947.
U.S. War Department. Citadels of Democracy: Camps and Plants for Men and Munitions. Washington: 1941.
––––, Report of the Board of Review of Construction to the Assistant Secretary of War, August 31, 1919. Washington: 1920.
––––, War Department Annual Reports: Reports of the Chief of Engineers; Reports of the Chief of the Construction Division, 1918–1920; and Reports of the Secretary of War to the President.
––––, Office of the Chief of Engineers. Engineering Manual.
Journals and periodicals consulted, closely in many cases, for their treatment of subjects discussed in this book include:–
American Society of Civil Engineers
Proceedings.
Transactions.
Army and Navy Journal.
Army Ordnance.
Civil Engineering.
Construction Methods.
Engineering News-Record.
Highway Research Board. Proceedings.
The Bulletin of the Associated General Contractors.
The Constructor.
The Military Engineer.
The Quartermaster Review.
The Timberman.