United States Army in World War II: The War Department

Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1941–1942

by Maurice Matloff and Edwin M. Snell

1952

. . . For Those Who Served

Table of Contents

Foreword

Preface

Chapter 1: The War Plans

The Study of War with Japan—Alternatives in a World War—Allied Operations in the Pacific

Chapter 2: German Victories and American Plans, May 1940–January 1941

Planning for the Worst—The Planners Overruled—British Strategy and American Planning

Chapter 3: British-American Plans: January–November 1941

The Terms of Reference—The Washington Conversations—RAINBOW 5—The First Difficulties over Troop Movements—Introduction to Grand Strategy

Chapter 4: The Showdown With Japan, August–December 1941

The Singapore Conversations—Reinforcement of the Philippines—Aid to China versus Reinforcement of the Philippines—Military Collaboration with the British in the Far East—Reaction to Pearl Harbor—Decision to Establish a Base in Australia

Chapter 5: The First Full Dress Debate Over Strategic Deployment, December 1941–January 1942

Grand Strategy—The Northwest Africa Project—The Planners’ Estimates of the Forces Required—The Report of the Shipping Experts—The Relief of British Troops in Iceland and Ireland—The Northwest Africa Project Considered as a Military Operation—Reinforcement of the Southwest Pacific

Chapter 6: Army Deployment and the War Against Japan, December 1941–March 1942

Allied Strategy Against Japan—The ABDA Command—Loss of Malaya, Fall of Singapore, and Ground Force Dispositions—The Decision to Send the 41st Division to Australia—The Isolation of Java and Air Force Dispositions—Air Commitments in Asia—The Siberia Project

Chapter 7: Army Deployment in the Pacific and Grand Strategy, January–March 1942

Army Deployment In The Atlantic: January–February 1942—Deployment Hawaii–Australia: January–March 1942—The Question of Additional Commitments—The Eisenhower Studies—Joint Study of Priorities for Deployment—JCS Decision on Deployment Policy—Strategic Deployment in the Pacific—Strategic Responsibility and Command in the Pacific

Chapter 8: The Principle of Concentration in the British Isles

The Cancellation of Super-GYMNAST—The Washington Studies—The BOLERO Plan

Chapter 9: Prior Claims Versus BOLERO, April 1942

The Defense of the Middle East—Anglo-American Collaboration and the Support of China—The Soviet Lend-Lease Program—The Immediate Reinforcement of the Pacific

Chapter 10: Decision in Favor of a Second Front, May 1942

The Pacific Theater versus BOLERO—The President’s Review of Strategy—Deadline in the Pacific—The Role of the United States in the Middle East—The Question of Support for General Stilwell—The Second Soviet Protocol and the Second Front

Chapter 11: Future Plans and Current Operations, June 1942

The Revival of GYMNAST—American Commitments to the Middle East—Consequences of the Battle of Midway

Chapter 12: The Elimination of the Alternatives, July–August 1942

The Pacific Alternative—The Eastern Front and the Alternatives—The President on the Alternatives—ROUNDUP or TORCH: CCS 94—The Decision to Invade French North Africa—The Time and The Place

Chapter 13: The Interpretation of CCS 94, August 1942

The “Final” Decision on TORCH—CCS 94 and the Arcadia Statement of Grand Strategy—The Middle East—The Pacific

Chapter 14: Counting the Costs of TORCH, August–November 1942

The Order of Priorities for Shipping—Allotment and Preparation of Ground Troops—Provision of Air Units—Effects on Plans for a Cross-Channel Operation

Chapter 15: British and American Plans and Soviet Expectations

The Caucasus Project—The Persian Gulf Service Command—Air Collaboration in Alaska and Siberia—Soviet Plane Requirements—Conclusion

Chapter 16: Strategic Inventory, December 1942

Growth of the U.S. Army—Expansion of the Army Overseas—Distribution of Aircraft and Shipping

Chapter 17: After TORCH

The War Against Germany—The War Against Japan—British-American World Strategy for 1943—The Future of Planning

Appendix A: Outline Plan for the Invasion of Western Europe—Marshall Memorandum

Appendix B: War Department Draft of Instructions for London Conference

Appendix C: Timing of TORCH

Appendix D: Monthly Distribution of Total Army Strength in Continental United States and Overseas, From November 1941 Through December 1942

Appendix E: Geographic Distribution of Army Strength in Overseas Theaters—Early December 1942

Appendix F: Shipment of Divisions—1942

Appendix G: Dead-Weight Tonnage of Vessels under Army Control in Pacific and Atlantic Areas from November 1941 through December 1942

Bibliographical Note and Guide to Footnotes

Glossary of Abbreviations & Code Names

Index

Chart 1: U.S. Army Overseas Deployment, 17 October 1941

Chart 2: Areas of Strategic Responsibility and U.S. Army Overseas Deployment, 2 April 1942

Chart 3: U.S. Army Overseas Deployment and Theater Boundaries, 31 December 1942

Illustrations

Aboard HMS Prince of Wales during the Atlantic Conference—Members of the War Department General Staff and the War Plans Division, November 1941—Draft Memorandum for the President—The Chief of Staff and the Secretary of War—Chief of the War Plans Division and His Deputies, January 1942—War Plans Division, March 1942—General Marshall and War Department Chiefs—Memorandum for the President, 6 May 1942—Churchill at Parachute Troop Demonstration, June 1942—Alternate Sets of Suggestions, in the President’s Handwriting—The Combined and the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, October 1942—The Combined and the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, October 1942—Maj. Gen. T. T. Handy and Other Planners of the Operations Division

All pictures in this volume are from Department of Defense files.