United States Army in World War II: The Western Hemisphere

The Framework of Hemisphere Defense

by Stetson Conn and Byron Fairchild

. . . to Those Who Served

Table of Contents

Foreword

The Authors

Preface

Chapter 1: The Problem of Hemisphere Defense

Hemisphere Security and the Axis Threat—The RAINBOW Plans—The Problem of Bases—The Army’s State of Readiness in 1939—Preparedness Measures, April–September 1939—The Strategic Outlook, Autumn and Winter, 1939–40

Chapter 2: The Crisis of 1940

The Defeat of France and Repercussions in America—Decisions on National Policy—Mobilization—The Fate of European Possessions—The Destroyer-Base Agreement—American Military Preparations and the War Outlook, July–October 1940

Chapter 3: The Axis Threat

The German Position, Summer 1940—The Tripartite Pact and Japan—The Gibraltar–Africa Project

Chapter 4: The American Response: Military Policies and Plans, 1940-41

Emergency Expeditionary Force Plans—New Definitions of National Policy—The New Outlook Toward the War

Chapter 5: The Atlantic Crisis of 1941

Naval Plans and Preparations—The Crisis of May 1941—The Azores and Brazil—The Crisis Resolved

Chapter 6: From Non-belligerency to War

Operations in the North Atlantic—The German Threat in the Southern Atlantic—Military Policy and Army Readiness, Autumn 1941—The Approach to War

Chapter 7: The Shift Toward the Offensive

The Reaction to Pearl Harbor—Planning for the Offensive—The ARCADIA Decisions

Chapter 8: General Military Relations with Latin America

The Staff Conversations and Agreements of 1940—Other Measures To Improve Military Relations—Planning for the Support of Friendly Governments—The Organization of Military Relationships, 1941–42—Military Assistance to Latin America in 1942

Chapter 9: The Supply of Arms to Latin America

Law, Policy, and Procedure—The Latin American Arms Program of 1941—Airplanes for Latin America—Special Problems During 1941—Arms Supply After Pearl Harbor

Chapter 10: Air Defense Preparations in Latin America

The Control of Civil Aviation—The Airport Development Program—Preparing for Air Operations

Chapter 11: Military Relations With Brazil Before Pearl Harbor

The Problem of Arms Supply—War Plans and Staff Agreements, 1940—The Mission of General Amaro Bittencourt—The Security Force Plan, June 1941—Joint Staff and General Headquarters Planning—Munitions for Brazil in 1941—The Army’s Quest for Action

Chapter 12: The Establishment of United States Army Forces in Brazil

Emergency Airfield and Airway Security Measures—Brazil Theater Planning—The Approach to Collaboration—The United States Army Forces South Atlantic—Defense Planning and the Brazilian Expeditionary Force

Chapter 13: The United States and Mexico: Solidarity and Security

Gathering Momentum—The Joint Mexican-United States Defense Commission—The Mexican Corridor—The United States and the Security of Mexico—Mexico and the Defense of California

Chapter 14: The United States and Canada: Copartners in Defense

Rapprochement—The Ogdensburg Meeting and Its Result—The Functioning of the Permanent Joint Board on Defense—Basic Problems of Responsibility and Command—The Pre-Pearl Harbor Pattern of Joint Defense

Chapter 15: The United States and Canada: Elements of Wartime Collaboration

The Air and Land Routes to Alaska—CRYSTAL and CRIMSON—The Cost, Control, and Permanent Disposition of Facilities in Canada—Completing the Machinery of Collaboration—Preface to the Present

Chapter 16: Some Conclusions and Observations

Bibliographical Note

Glossary of Abbreviations

Glossary of CODE NAMES

Index