United States Army in World War II: The Technical Services
The Chemical Warfare Service: From Laboratory to Field
by Leo P. Brophy, Wyndham D. Miles, and Rexmond C. Cochrane
1959
. . . to Those Who Served
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Research and Supply in World War I
The Committee on Noxious Gases, National Research Council—Chemical Warfare Research in the Bureau of Mines—Medical Research—Research in the AEF—The Centralization of Activities in the Chemical Warfare Service—Chemical Munitions—Gas Defense Equipment—Field Testing of Chemical Munitions—Demobilization
Chapter 2: Research and Development in Peace and War
The Peacetime Scientific Program—Development Procedure—Laboratories and Proving Grounds—Assistance from Industries and Universities—Cooperation with the British Commonwealth—Information from the Enemy
Phosgene—Hydrogen Cyanide—Cyanogen Chloride—Mustard Gas—Lewisite—Nitrogen Mustards—Chloroacetophenone—Adamsite
Chapter 4: Protection Against Toxic Agents
The Gas Mask—Collective Protectors—Eyeshields, Dust Respirators, and Individual Protective Covers—Protective Clothing and Impregnites—Protective Ointments—Medical Kits and Supplies—Protection of Food and Water Supplies Against Toxics—Treatment of Gas Casualties
Chapter 5: Biological Warfare Research
CWS Interest in Biological Warfare—The WBC Committee and War &search Service—CWS and the U.S. Biological Warfare Committee—The Special Projects Division—Keeping It Secret—Defense Against Biological Attack—The Achievement in Biological Warfare &search
Chapter 6: Chemical Mortars and Shells
The 4.2-Inch Chemical Mortar—Mortars of Unusual Design—Mortar Shells—Mortar Gunboats
Portable Flame Throwers—The One-Shot Flame Throwers—Medium-weight Flame Throwers—Main Armament Mechanized Flame Throwers—Main Armament Flame Throwers Produced in Hawaii—Auxiliary Mechanized Flame Throwers—Auxiliary Flame Throwers Made in Hawaii—Incendiary Projector for Airplanes—Emplaced Flame Throwers—Servicing Flame Throwers—Toxicology of Flame Attack
Incendiary Bombs—Incendiary Grenades—Incendiary Shells—Incendiary Rockets
White Phosphorus—Smoke Pots—Oil Smoke Generators—Airplane Smoke Tanks—Colored Smoke Munitions
Chapter 10: Peacetime Preparation for Supply
Planning for Mobilization—Procurement Planning
Chapter 11: Beginnings of Industrial Mobilization
Educational Order Program—The Munitions Program—Appropriations—Facilities Expansion Gets Under Way—Procurement in the Emergency Period—Mobilization of the Distribution System
Chapter 12: More and More of Everything
Procurement of Service Equipment—Procurement of Chemicals—Estimating Requirements in Wartime—Facilities Expansion in Wartime—Materiel Shortages and Imbalances—The Search for Suitable Contractors—Inspection of Materiel—The Pricing Program
Chapter 13: Balancing Procurement and Distribution
Developments of Early War Years—Advent of the Supply Control Program—Procurement and Distribution of Spare Parts—Improved Maintenance Practices
Chapter 14: Procurement of Defensive Materiel
Gas Mask Procurement—Production of Impregnite (CC-2)—Procurement of Impregnating Plants—Protective Ointment—Detector Kits—Decontaminating Apparatus—Miscellaneous Protective Items
Chapter 15: Procurement of Offensive Materiel
Incendiaries—Procurement of the 4.2-Inch Mortar—Procurement of the 4.2-Inch Mortar Shell—Criminal Involvement of Mortar Shell Contractors—Flame Throwers—Smoke and Smoke Munitions—Problem of Morale
Chapter 16: Storage and Distribution
Growth of CWS Storage Activities—Storage and Transportation of Toxics—Storage of Other CWS Items—Packing and Packaging—Distribution—Lend-Lease—Supplying the Ports of Embarkation
Chapter 17: Industrial Demobilization
Preparations for Demobilization—Disposition of Facilities—Contract Terminations—Property Disposal—To Be or Not To Be?
Appendix A: Status of CWS Facilities Program
Appendix B: Government Investment in Facilities, World War II, as of 31 December 1945
Tables
1. Plants and Projects of Edgewood Arsenal During World War I
2. Gas-Defense Items Shipped Overseas From June 1917 to November 1918
3. Gas Mask Production at Edgewood Arsenal, 1927–1938
4. CWS Educational Orders Program, FY 1939, 1940 & 1941 Summary of Awards
5. Cost to Government of Gas Mask Educational Program
6. CWS Depot Storage Space in Operation, December 1941
7. Summary of Estimated Dollar Value of CWS Procurement: 1940–1945
8. Expansion in Production of Selected CW Items, World War II
9. CWS Gross Storage Space in Operation, 1945
10. CWS Property Disposal Activities, July 1943 Through July 1945
11. CWS Property Available for Disposal, January-December 1945
Charts
1. Total Army Service Forces Estimated Dollar Value of Procurement Deliveries by Technical Services: 1 January 1942-31 December 1945
2. Schematic Diagram, Chemical Warfare Supply as of 6 December 1944
Illustrations
Bureau of Mines Experiment Station—New Chemical Building at American University—Battery of Livens Projectors—Brig. Gen. Amos A. Fries—Plant at Edgewood Arsenal—Women Workers in Gas Mask Factory—Conference on Expansion Program—Dugway Proving Ground, Utah—Types of Gas Masks, April 1918—Army Photographer Wearing Service Gas Mask—Soldier Wearing Service Gas Mask—Service Gas Mask—Walt Disney With Staff Members of Chemical Warfare Service—Biological Warfare Test Station—George W. Merck—Stokes Mortar Firing Gas Shells—4.2-Inch Chemical Mortar—Mortar Gunboat—Operator Firing a Portable Flame Thrower E1R1—Attacking a Japanese Bunker—Firing an M2-2 Portable Flame Thrower—American and German Portable Flame Throwers—M4 Medium Flame-Thrower Tank—Lt. Gen. Wilhelm D. Styer—M3A1 Light Tank Equipped With Flame Gun—Flame Gun To Fit .30-Cal. Machine Gun Mount—Burning Phosphorus From a 100-Pound Incendiary Bomb—B-25 Bomber Loaded With 500-Pound Clusters of M54 Bombs—Lockheed P-38’s Dropping Fire Bombs—Smoke Pots Being Set Off in the Argonne Forest—Smoke Screen Demonstration—Small M1 Smoke Pots Set Off in a Series—Troops Landing at Elba, June 1944—Mechanical Smoke Generator M1 (100-Gallon)—Mechanical Smoke Generator M2 (50-Gallon)—Lockheed A-29 Spraying Smoke From M33 Smoke Tanks—Lt. Col. Claude E. Brigham—Members of the Chemical Advisory Committee—Maj. Gen. William N. Porter—Meeting of Chemical Warfare Service Officers—Col. Norman D. Gillet—Lt. Col. Robert M. Estes—Officer Personnel of the Control Division—Executive Branch of the Industrial Division—4.2-Inch WP Chemical Mortar Shells—Brig. Gen. William A. Borden—Boxed Cans of Decontaminating Solution—Toxic Gas Yards, Midwest Chemical Warfare Depot—Drums of Bleaching Powder
All illustrations are from Department of Defense files.