Index
–A–
Abel, Col. Raymond L., 111, 113
Aberdeen Proving Ground, 367
ACTION OVERHEAD, 246-47
Adams, Roger, 106
Adjutant General, The, 363
Advisory Committee, CWS, 28
Advisory Committee on Effectiveness of Gas Warfare in Tropics, 78, 106
Air service units, CWS, 310-12
Alley, Col. Charles R., 229, 232
Allotment Board, 146-48
American Chemical Society, 28
American University Experiment Station, 10, 12
Amherst College, 241
Apprentice training, 155-56
Appropriations (CWS), June 1940, 36-37
Army Air Force, 50-51
Army Air Forces (AAF)
air chemical school, 347
assignments to Navy CW Training Unit, 356
gas training at CW School, 350-51
responsibility for unit training, 297-0
trainees detailed to CWS RTC, 281
Army Air Forces Chemical Units, 209-10
Army Air Forces Gas Training, 222-24
Army Ground Forces (AGF)
activates 4.2-inch mortar battalions, 298
and gas defense training, 384-85
responsibility for chemical mortar battalions, 267
responsibility for unit training, 297-98
trains chemical battalion replacements, 290
trains mortar battalions, 280
Army Service Forces (ASF), 51n, 92, 99, 131
checks unit training, 336
Director of Military Training, 284
influence on CWS Installations, 141
Military Personnel Division, 284
Military Training Division, 323
plans for CWS supplies, 81
policy on decentralization of operations, 98
prescribes basic training, 274-76
responsibility for unit training, 297-98
responsible for branch schools, 340
supervises training of service units, 310
wage administration system, 158
Army Specialist Corps, 144-45
Arnold, Gen. Henry H., 83, 88, 383
Arsenal Operations, Chemical Warfare Center, 120
Arsenals, CWS, 120-22
employee relations at, 172-73
employee training, 174-75
manpower utilization, civilian, 179-80
Assignment Review Board, WD, 148
Assistant Chief, CWS, for Field Operations, lot
Assistant Chief, CWS, for Matériel, tot
Assistant Secretary of War, 156
Atkisson, Maj. Earl J., 14
Atlanta Procurement District, 110-11
Atlanta University, 166
Avery, Brig. Gen. Ray L., 119
–B–
Bacon, Col. Raymond F., 9
Bacon, Col. William S., 123n, 138, 169-70
Baker, Newton D., 16
Baker, Maj. Gen. Walter C., 28, 38, 39, 43, 132n, 202, 232
Baldwin, Ira L., 107
Baltimore Suboffice, OCCWS, 98
Baltimore, University of, 175
Barker, Lt. Col. Maurice E., 38, 43, 303, 340
Behrenberg, Maj. William C.; 123n
Biological Division, OCCWS, 96
Biological warfare, 43, 46-48, 397
courses in, Camp Detrick, 356-57
held impracticable by CW School, 195
installations, 138-41
Special Projects Division, OCCWS, 107-09
Birmingham, Alabama, 110
Black, Col. Henry M., 163
Blanchard, Col. Edward B., 123n
Bleach, 72
Board of Civilian Protection, 248
Bogert, Lt. Col. Marston T., 11
Boll weevil project, 31
Boothby, Capt. Walter M., 6, 7
Borden, Brig. Gen. William A., 86, 87
Boston Procurement District, 32, 111, 114, 117, 176
Bottomly, Air Marshal N. H., 69
Brett, Lt. Gen. George H., 136
Brigham, Maj. Gen. Claude E., 28
British Air Commission, 75
British ISCCW, 89
British Special Brigade, 14
Brooks, Col. Herrold E., 159
Brown, Francis J., 241
Brunskill, Maj. Gen. G., 69
Bryden, Maj. Gen. William, 236
Bullene, Brig. Gen. Egbert F., 106, 129, 136-37, 138
Burn, Walter P., 233-34
Burns, Col. John R., 135
Burrell, Col. George A., 12
Bushnell, Florida, mobile laboratory unit, 105
Butler, Nicholas Murray, 134
–C–
California State Department of Education, 176
Camp American University, 14
Camp Detrick, 107, 108, 138-39
BW course at, 356-57
medical laboratory set up, 105
selection of site, 107
WAAC personnel at, 153
Camp Gordon (Ga.), 301
Camp Gordon Johnston (Fla.), 300, 334
Camp Kendrick, 12-13
Camp Lee, 291
Camp Pickett, 301
Camp Rucker, 301
Camp Sibert, 141, 152, 394. See also Replacement Training Center, CWS,
activation of units, 325-26
advanced training battalions, 333-34
change in character, 289-90
construction initiated, 270-72
CWS proposals for utilization, 290-91
deactivated, 291
designated Class I activity, 287
medical laboratory set up, 105
officer pool established, 283
organizational developments, 125-30
retention of units at, 333
training facilities, 272-73
Unit Training Center activated, 312
Unit Training Center constructed, 319-20
Caribbean Defense Command, 137
Chamberlain, Gen. George E., 16
Chemical Battalions. See Mortar Battalions, 4.2-inch.
Chemical Company, 1st Separate, 200
Chemical Mortar. See Mortar, 4.2-inch, Chemical.
Chemical officer, 191
Chemical Regiment, 2nd, 200, 299
Chemical Service Section, National Army, 9, 10-11
Chemical service units, 265-66
Chemical supply problems, AEF, 7-8
Chemical troop units, proposed basis of activation, World War II, 56
Chemical Warfare Amphibious Project, 300-301
Chemical Warfare Board, 28, 253-54, 256, 260
Chemical Warfare Center (CWC), 117-20. See also Edgewood Arsenal.
medical research laboratory, 349
Training Aids Section, 254
Troops and Training Department controls CW School, 340
WAAC personnel at, 153
Chemical Warfare School, 33, 148-49, 193, 194-96, 241, 250, 253, 331, 367
Air Forces Chemical Course, 344, 345
Air Forces gas defense course at, 222
approved courses, 1945, 358-59
Battalion Officers’ Course, 345
cadremen detailed to, 281
CWS Enlisted Men’s Course, 346
civilian courses on incendiaries, 235-40
Combat and Service Course, 345
Command and Staff Course, 343
designated Class IV installation, 340
emergency period, 224-25
enlisted men’s courses, prewar, 190-91
extension course, prewar, 190
facilities, 341
Field Officers’ Course, 196
gas NCO training, 348-49
graduations, 357
instruction for Navy officers, 35
Laboratory Course, 346
Line and Staff Course, 196
made separate command, 340
Medical Officers Course, 349, 351
mission, 339
NCO Staff Course, 348
officer and NCO gas training, AAF, 350-51
officer training for mortar battalions, 306
operations and methods, 351-53
preparation of texts, 259, 260
proposed enlargement, 57
responsibility for Training Aids, 255
shortcomings, 359-60
size, 341-42
Special Mortar Operations Course, 346
students, 195
subcourses, 353
Toxic Gas Handlers Course, 350
trains CW instructors, 389
trains incoming officers, 189
Troop Officers Course, 342-43
unit gas officer training, 346-48
Unit Gas Officers’ classes at, 223, 348
Unit Gas Officers’ (UGO) Course, 347
Chemical Warfare School Reproduction Plant, 262
Chemical Warfare Service, National Army, establishment, 12-13
Chemical Warfare Service mission
emergency period
combat 202-05
training 38-39
gas warfare mission in World War 11, 59-62
peacetime period
procurement and supply, 31
research and development, 30
training, 33
post-World War I, 15-17, 22-24
supply mission defined, 24
training mission defined, 24
Chemical Warfare Service mission-Continued
relaxation of restrictions, 1934-36, 32-33
Chemical Warfare Service Soldiers Guide, 325
Chemical Warfare Service Technical Committee, 28, 34
Chemicals procurement, 37
Chicago Procurement District, 32, 111
Chief of Naval Operations, 35n
Chittick, Col. Martin B., 108, 138-39
Church, Col. James R., 6
Citizens’ Defense Corps, 247
Civil Defense Branch, G-3, 247
Civil Defense Section, SOS, 247
Civilian defense
courses on West Coast, 240
CWS prewar interest in, 229-32
demonstrations in Mexico, 246
training at Edgewood Arsenal, 235-40
War Plans Division plan for, 232
Civilian employee pool, 161
Civilian personnel, CWS
at arsenals, 162-68
at depots, 168-70
employee relations, OCCWS, 161-62
in procurement districts, 170-72
peak enrollment, 154
personnel organizations at CWS arsenals, 167-68
ratio to military, 142
training, 173-76
training, OCCWS, 161
utilization, 177-81
wage rate problems, 156-58
Civilian Protection Branch, OCCWS, 243, 244
Civilians, direct commissioning of, 144
Coast Artillery Corps, 143
Cochran, Maj. James H., 123n
Colorado, University of, 174
Columbia University, 132
Columbia University Laboratory, 133-34
Combined Chemical Warfare Committee (CCWC), 67, 68-69
Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS), 64, 65
Directive 106/2, 14 Nov 42, 63n, 65, 71, 80
policy on gas warfare logistics, 82
Combined Staff Planners (CPS), 64
Command and General Staff School, 194
Commission on Colleges and Civilian Defense, 241
Committee on Medical Research, 38
Committee on Treatment of Gas Casualties, 104
Compton, Karl T., 133
Conant, James Bryant, 38, 59-60, 106, 132n
Control Division, OCCWS, 114
activation, 95
functions, 95
manpower utilization, 178
plans work measurement at depots, 180
supervises arsenal personnel utilization, 179
survey on organization, 101
Corps chemical officers, training activities, 396
Crawford, Maj. Robert W., 8
Croneis, Carey, 135
Crowell, Benedict, 16
Crowell, Col. Clarence W., 111, 111n
–D–
Dallas Procurement District, 110-11, 176
Decontamination Company, 1st Chemical, 150, 209
Decontamination Company, 2nd Chemical, 209
Defandorf, Lt. Col. James H., 107
Defense Against Chemical Warfare (subcourse), 190
Demobilization after World War I, 14-15
Denver, Colorado, 167
Denver, University of, 174
Depot Company, 3rd Chemical, 209
Depot Company, 190th Chemical, 169
Depot Company, 412th Chemical, 200, 206, 309
Depots, CWS, 122-23
civilian personnel at, 168-70
employee training, 175-76
work measurement program, 180
Depots for gas warfare, AEF, 8
Deschenes, Maj. Homer J., 123n
Deseret Chemical Warfare Depot, 122, 168-70, 176
Dick, 1st Lt. John N., 236
Dill, Sir John, 68
Distribution priorities for CW matériel established, 57
Ditto, Brig. Gen. Rollo C., 103, 111n, 121, 121n
Dorsey, Col. Frank M., 12
Douhet, Giulio, 223
Dugway Proving Ground, 135
advanced unit training at, 334
medical laboratory set up, 105
studies in naval gas warfare, 355-56
WAAC personnel at, 153
Durfee School, Fall River, 176
–E–
Eastern Chemical Warfare Depot (Edgewood), 123, 125, 176
civilian personnel organization, 170
labor needs, 168
Edgewood Arsenal, 10, 12, 37, 43. See also Chemical Warfare Center (CWC).
activated by Ordnance, 1917, 4
advanced unit training at, 334
apprentice training at, 156
basic training at, 213
cadre training company, 279-80
civilian defense training at, 235-40
demonstration of incendiaries at, 235
depot storage, post-World War I, 32
employee relations at, 172-73
limitations on CWS School capacity, 195
Naval Unit at, 34-35
new research center, 1940, 38
OCS location at, 366
officer pool established, 283
organization, post-World War I, 28-30
pilot mustard plant, 37
preparation and review of training manuals, 253
proposed expansion of site, 1942, 56-57
rehabilitation program, 32-33
replacement training center, 39, 268-70
ROTC training, prewar, 190
restriction to defensive items between the wars, 31-32
Service Division, 180
shortage of civilian workers, 162-64
technical training of replacements at, 291
trains gas mask inspectors, 155
trains inspectors, 176
use of WAAC personnel, 154
wage problems, 156-58
Edgewood Chemical Warfare Depot, 123. See also
Eastern Chemical Warfare Depot (Edgewood).
Educational Orders Program, 36
Eisenhower, Maj. Gen. Dwight D., 54
Elliott, Col. Lowell A., 95
Embick, Brig. Gen. Stanley D., 32-33
Employee Relations Branch, OCCWS, 162
Engineer Regiment, 30th (Gas and Flame). See 1st Gas Regiment.
Engineer School, 394
gas warfare responsibilities, World War I, 4-5
responsibility in flame warfare, 394
Engle, Maj. Eldon B., 123n
English, Maj. Gen. Paul X., 43, 132n, 162
Enlisted personnel, procurement of, 149-50
Essman, Col. Graydon C., 135
–F–
Facilities expansion in emergency period, 1940-41, 37
Far Eastern Technical Unit, 78
Field Manual (FM), 21-40, 391-92
Field Manuals, 256-57
Field Requirements Division, OCCWS, 101
Field Service, OCCWS, 43, 96, 99
1st Gas Regiment (formerly gas and flame regiment), 6, 14
Fisher, Col. George J. B., 132, 236, 240
Fitzgerald, Lt. Col. Philip J., 94
Flame, training for, 393-94
Flame-throwers, 394
Forest Products Laboratory, 175
Fort Belvoir, 394
Fort Bliss, 301
Fort D. A. Russell, 301
Fort Eustis, 150
Fort McClellan, 329
Foster, Russell, 136-37
Foulkes, Maj. Gen. C. H., 14
Fourth Service Command, 129-30, 289
Fox, Maj. Leon A., 46
Fred, Edwin Brown, 47
Fries, Maj, Gen. Amos A., 5-8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 23, 27-28
FS smoke mixture, standardization of, 31
Fumigation of ships, 31
–G–
G-3, War Department General Staff (WDGS), and RTC’s, 284
Gadsen, Alabama, 125
Gas bombs, U.S.-British coordination on supply, 72
Gas chamber in divisional training, 386
Gas Defense Production Division, CWS, 132
Gas Defense Service (Medical Department), 4n
Gas defense training, 396-97
in the Army Air Forces, 382-83
basic Field Manual standards, 192
CWS inspection of, 388-90
as of December 1941, 382
emergency period, 217-19
in ground units, 383-84
policy, 384-85
prewar, 191-94
revival of, World War II, 385-86
shortcomings, 390-92
in theaters of operation, 386-88
trends, 392-93
in unit training, 386
WD CW directive published, 1942, 385
Gas detector kits, 392
Gas mask
fully molded facepiece for, 31
procurement, 37
Gas mask repair plant, AEF, 8
Gas officer, 191-92
Gas Regiment, 1st. See 1st Gas Regiment.
Gas Service, AEF, 6-8, is
Gas schools in the AEF, 6-7
advisory committee on effectiveness in tropics, 78, 106
AEF organization for, 5-8
Air Force policy, 1941, 382-83
Army-Navy joint policy statement, 1934, 21
conference on U.S. capabilities, 1942, 61
in CW school curriculum, 194-95
CWS recommendations, World War II, 54-57, 59
dominates prewar training, 187-88
intelligence estimates, prewar, 197
logistical basis, 80-86
Navy training for, 355-56
OPD study on initiation, 87
policy, 382
proposed use vs. Japan, 86-88, go
readiness reports, 79-80
stockpiling toxic agents, 82
training in, prewar, 196-98
U.N. policy on, 63
U.N. requirements, 52-54
U.S. capabilities, World War 11, 50-51, 60-62
U.S. policy, prewar, 194
U.S. policy after World War I, 18-22, 24
World War I, 3
Gasser, Maj. Gen. Lorenzo D., 236
Gasser Board, 181
General Headquarters (GHQ), Army, 219-22
Geneva Gas Protocol, 20-21, 49, 50
GHQ, Army. See General Headquarters (GHQ), Army.
Gibson, Col. Adelno, 233
Gilchrist, Maj. Gen. Harry L., 6, 28, 34, 104
Gillet, Col. Norman D., 125
Granite Peak (BW Installation), 108, 140
Graphic Training Aids, 257
Ground Chemical Officer, AGF, 304-05
Ground Service Units, CWS, 308-10
Gulf Chemical Warfare Depot (Huntsville), 123, 168, 176
Gullans, Lt. Col. Oscar, 123n
–H–
Hague Peace Conference of 1899, 18-19
Hanlon, Lt. Joseph T., 9
Hanlon Field, 9
Hart, Capt. Helen H., 154
Harvard School of Business Administration, 189
Hay, John, 18-19
Heiss, Maj. Herbert P., 111, 111n
Hinyard, Lt. Col. James N., 308
Hitler, Adolf, 197
Hobby, Col. Oveta Culp, 153-54
Hoover, Herbert, 21
Horn Island (BW testing grounds), 108, 139-40
Housing shortages, 172
Howe, H. E., 132n
Huebner, Brig. Gen. Clarence R., 285
Hulett, George A., 5
Hull, Cordell, 49
Huntsville Arsenal, 37, 120, 121, 173, 174
civilian employees, 164-67
civilian personnel organizations, 167-68
employee relations at, 172-73
WAC personnel at, 153
Huntsville Chemical Warfare Depot, 123. See also Gulf Chemical Warfare Depot.
Hurd, Col. Lester W., 111, 111n, 117
–I–
Impregnating Company, 1st Chemical, 209
Impregnite, 31
Incendiaries, 121
in CW School curriculum, 195
training in defense against, 395-96
Incendiary bombs, responsibility, 43, 45, 46, 397
Incendiary Branch, OCCWS, 96-97, 134
Incendiary grenades, 396
Indianapolis Chemical Warfare Depot, 123, 168-69, 176
Industrial Division, OCCWS, 101, 109
Plant Protection, Safety and Labor Branch, 182-83
supervises arsenal personnel utilization, 179
supervises POW activities, 181
Industrial Liaison Branch, Industrial Division, OCCWS, 104
Industrial mobilization, emergency period, 36-37
Industrial Mobilization Plan of 1939, 113
Industrial Service, OCCWS, 43, 96, 99
Infantry Divisions
45th, 301
75th, 396
80th, 396
Initial Protective Force (IPF), 199
Inspection Division, OCCWS, 101, 115-17
Inspector General, The, 335, 390
Inspectors at gas mask plants, 155
Instructor training at CWS Unit Training Center, 327-28
Intelligence Branch, OCCWS, 183
Inter-Allied Commission for Chemical Warfare Supply, 10
Inter-Allied gas conferences, World War I, 9-10
Inter-Service Committee on Chemical Warfare (ISCCW), 64
Irwin, Col. C. L., 371
–J–
Javits, Lt. Col. Jacob K., 69
Jennings, Col. Maurice E., 131
Jewett, Frank B., 47
Job training programs (“J” series), 173-74, 175
Johnston, Ivan M., 136n
Johnston, Col. Thomas J., 128, 129
Johnston, Lt, Col. Willard A., 236
Joint Army and Navy Board, 32, 33n, 35
Joint Chemical Spray Project Subcommittee, USCWC, 74-75
Joint Chief of Staff (JCS), 85, 90
Joint Intelligence Committee, 85
Joint Logistics Committee (JLC), 83-85
Joint Staff Planners (JPS), 83-84, 85
Jungle Warfare experimental company, 308
–K–
Kahn, Julius, 16
Kellogg, Frank B., 21
Kellogg-Briand Pact, 24
King, Admiral Ernest J., 87
Kohler, Elmer P., 9-10
Kuhn, Col. Harry A., 94, 95, 111n
–L–
Laboratory Company, 1st, 149, 209
Laboratory Company, 3rd, 209
LaGuardia, Fiorello H., 229
Lake Ontario Ordnance Works, 123, 169
Lakehurst, N. J., Proving Ground, 12
Landis, James M., 246
Leahy, Capt. Michael A., USN, Ret., 350
Leahy, Admiral William D., 88
Lebkicher, Col. Harry R., 111n
Leland Stanford Jr. University, 241
Lend-lease, CWS procurement for, 1941, 37
Linsert, Lt. Col. Henry, 212
Locality wage survey boards, 158
Loucks, Brig. Gen. Charles E., 100-101, 121n, 178
Loyola University (New Orleans), 242
Lyon, Col. James W., 111n
Lyster, Col. William J. L., 13
–M–
Maintenance Company, 3rd, 209
Maintenance Company, 10th, 208
Maneuvers, Army, mortar battalions in, 1942–43, 300, 301
Manning, Van H., 3
Manpower conservation, 177-81
Manpower Utilization Committee, OCCWS, 178
March, Gen. Peyton C., 16
Marks, Arthur H., 12n
Marshall, Col. Geoffrey, 121n, 159
Marshall, Gen. George C., 45, 48, 51, 52, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 68, 80, 87, 178
and gas defense training, 384
directs study on stockage of toxic agents, 85
on WAC status, 154n
proposes training changes, 275
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 33, 143, 189
ROTC unit, 190
McElligott, John J., 232
McLeod, Col. Robert D., Jr., 135-36, 138
McNair, Lt. Gen. Lesley J., 51, 219-20, 222, 298, 385
Medical Department gas warfare responsibilities in World War I, 3, 4
Medical Division, OCCWS, 104-06
Medical Laboratories, CWS, 105
Medical Research Division, Edgewood Arsenal, 34
Merrill, Maj. Henry B., 123n
Meuse-Argonne offensive of 1918, 14
Micrometeorology, 356
Midwest Chemical Warfare Depot (Pine Bluff), 123, 168, 176
Miles, Col. Sherman, 231
Milton, Col. Hugh M., II, 396
Mobilization Training Program (MTP)
unit training programs, 323-25
Moffat, Col. Fraser, 107
Montgomery, Col. Edward, 43
Moore, Maj. Gen. Richard C., 46
Mortar, 4.2-inch, Chemical, 31, 202, 205
HE mission for, 302-04
in North Africa, 303
procurement, 37
Mortar battalions, 4.2-inch, 266, 267
cadres trained for, 280
HE mission proposed, 299
OCS training for, 372-73
proposed by CWS, 45
responsibility for training, 298
Unit Training Program published, 300
1st Separate Chemical Battalion, 200
2nd Separate Chemical Battalion, 306
Company A, 215
fires HE in training, 300
in Army maneuvers, 300
joins 45th Infantry Division, 301
moves to Ft. Bragg, 299
as of September 1939, 200
3rd Separate (motorized) Chemical Battalion, 306
activated, 1942, 299
in Army maneuvers, 300
81st, 301-02
82nd, 301-02
84th, 301-02
85th, 304
86th, 304
87th, 304
88th, 304
Mortar units, 4.2-inch Chemical, activations of, 55-56
Munitions Program of 30 June 1940, 36
Mussolini, Benito, 197
Mustard gas, first use of, World War I, 2
–N–
Napalm, 394
National Board of Fire Underwriters, 235
National Defense Act of 1920, 17, 143, 187-88
National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), 38, 78, 133, 135
National Research Council (NRC), 3, 104
Navy
courses at CW School, 350, 351
courses at Western CW School, 354
naval CW school, 347
naval detachment at Edgewood Arsenal, 349-50
Navy CW Training Unit, 355-56
represented at CW School, 196
use of CWS equipment, 74
Navy Department, 31
CWS liaison with, 34-35, 35-36
Negro troops, 150-52, 289, 316
Negroes
civilian defense students, 245
at CWS arsenals, 164-66, 172-73
at CWS depots, 168
at CWS OCS, 369
New Developments Division, WDGS, 86
New Mexico, recruiting for Deseret Depot, 169-70
New York Procurement District, 32, 111, 117
Norman, Lt. Col. Robert T., 111, 111n
North African Theater of Operations and 4.2-inch mortar, 303
Northeast Chemical Warfare Depot, 123, 168-69
Northeastern University, 176
Noyes, W. A., Jr., 106
–O–
Occidental College, 242
Office of Chief, Chemical Warfare Service (OCCWS)
Baltimore suboffice, 98
Biological Division, 96
civilian personnel, 159-61
Civilian Protection Branch, 243, 244
Control Division, 95, 114, 178
decentralization, 98
decentralization of operations, 114
employee relations, 161-62
Field Requirements Division, 101
Industrial Division, 101, log, 181, 182-83
Industrial Liaison Branch, 104
Inspection Division, 101, 115-17
Intelligence Branch, 183
Medical Division, 104-06
moved to Gravelly Point, 160
organization
1917-18, 12-13
after World War I, 25-27
early wartime, 94-97
reorganization of May 1943, 101-04
shortcomings, 98-101
Personnel Division, 157-58, 159-60
coordinates officer pools, 283-84
Personnel Office, 142
San Jose Division, 106
San Jose Project Division, 138
Special Assignments Branch, 107
Special Projects Division, 107-09
supervises arsenal personnel utilization, 179
Supply Division, 109, 122, 125, 175
Technical Division, 101, 109, 119
analyzes OCS program, 365
controls service unit training, 310
coordinates officer pools, 283-84
role in mortar battalion training, 304-05
specialist training, 330
supervises RTC, 284-85
WAC officers in, 153
War Plans and Theaters Division, 101
work measurement at depots, 180
Office of Civilian Defense (OCD), 229, 233-34, 236, 237, 240, 241, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250
Office of Gas Service, 8-9
Office of Scientific Research and Development
Officer assignment policy, peacetime, 143
Officer Candidate School, CWS, 145, 149, 267, 344
authorized, 363
capacity and quotas, 363-65
case studies of failures, 378-79
CWS screening of selectees, 368-69
closure ordered and revoked, 365-66
conduct deficiencies, 377
contribution to CWS, 361-62
facilities, 366-67
faculty, 370-71
grades, 376-77
Honor Committee, 377
leadership deficiency, 376-77
length of course, 373-74
Medical Department soldiers at, 378
organization, 369-70
overseas veterans at, 379
problems, 380-81
problems of selection for, 367-69
proposed expansion, 57
Status Board, 377
teacher training course, 371
teaching methods, 372
training objectives, 372-74
Officer Candidate School, Southwest Pacific Area, 379
Officer malassignment, 148-49
Officer procurement sources, 1940-42, 143-46
Officers, CWS
duty strength, 1939, 188
training of, prewar, 189-90
Operations and Training Division, WDGS, 256
Operations Division, WDGS (OPD), 67-68. See also War Plans Division, WDGS (WPD).
confers on gas warfare, 1942, 61
recommendations on chemical battalions, 57
study on initiating gas warfare, 87-88
gas warfare responsibilities, World War I, 4
Overseas Division, CWS, 13-14
–P–
Paget, Lt. Col. Humphrey, 67
Panama, Republic of, 106
Passive Defense Against Air Attack, 231
Patterson, Robert P., 53, 120, 178
on industrial manpower, 179
Patton, Maj. Gen. George S., 303
Peacetime organization, OCCWS, 25-27
Pershing, Gen. John J., 5, 9, 11, 13, 16, 19-20
Personnel Division, OCCWS, 157-58, 159-60, 283-84
Personnel Office, OCCWS, 142
Personnel Utilization Board, OCCWS, 178
Pine Bluff Arsenal, 37, 120, 121, 173, 174
civilian employees, 164-66
civilian personnel organization, 168
employee relations at, 172-73
WAAC personnel at, 152-53
Pine Bluff Chemical Warfare Depot, 123. See also Midwest Chemical Warfare Depot.
Pittsburgh Procurement District, 32, 111, 113-14, 117
Plants, CWS, 172
Porter, Maj. Gen. Ray E., 390
Porter, Maj. Gen. William N., 43, 45, 46, 47-48, 53, 59, 60, 61, 62, 67, 68, 79, 95, 97, 100-101, 103, 109, 113, 114, 129, 131, 133, 135, 141, 162, 205, 236, 237, 240, 241, 299
activates San Jose Projects Division, 138, 141
acts to improve RTC, 286
appoints Advisory Committee on Gas Warfare in Tropics, 106
appoints Allotment Board, 146
appoints Manpower Utilization Committee, 178
appoints Personnel Utilization Board, 178
appoints Promotion and Decorations Board, 146
asks assignment of civilian personnel functions, 159
assigns CWS officers, 146
assigns officers to UTC, 327
career, 91
directs use of POW’s, 181
heads USCWC, 66
influence on CWS administration, 91-94
opposes closing of OCS, 365-66
on reclassification of Camp Sibert, 130
recommendations for chemical warfare, 55-57
recommends activation of new procurement districts, 110
recommends building Rocky Mountain Arsenal, 120
studies Tropical Test Site, 136
study of OCCWS organization, um
urges HE mission for mortar, 303
on utilization of WAAC, 153-54
Ports of Embarkation, personnel administration chemical sections, 171-72
Potsdam Conference, 88
Potter, Col. Charles L., 8, 10, 12n
Powers, Col. Patrick F., 111n
Prairie View (Texas) Normal and Industrial College, 245
Pre-Assignment Development Unit, 161
Prentiss, Brig. Gen. Augustin M., 121n
Prisoners of war, utilization of, 181-82
at Indianapolis Depot, 169
at Rocky Mountain Arsenal, 167
Procurement Districts
activation, 32
activation of Atlanta and Dallas districts, 110-11
background of commanding officers, 111
civilian personnel at, 170-72
civilian personnel organization, 171
employee training, 176
organization within, emergency period, 39-42
organizational developments, 113-15
standardization of organization, 114-15
work measurement programs, 180-81
Procurement Planning, 32
Project Coordination Staff, 78, 106
Promotion and Decorations Board, 146-48
Protection Against Gas Attack, 233
Protective Mobilization Plan (PMP), 199, 201, 206
Publications Division, AGO, 253
Purdue University, 241
Puteaux (site of AEF laboratory), 9
–R–
Replacement Center, CWS, 39, 209, 210-13. See also Replacement Training Center, CWS.
Replacement Center NCO Course, 216
Replacement Center Officers Course, 212
Replacement Training. See Replacement Training Center, CWS.
Replacement Training Center, CWS, 149, 151, 292-93, 366. See also Replacement Center, CWS.
activated at Edgewood Arsenal, 39
administration, 128-29
AAF trainees instructed, 281
cadres, training of, 279-81, 292-93
expansion after Pearl Harbor, 268
improvements, 286-87
inadequacies, 285-86
instructors, 281-82
operations at Edgewood, 268-70
reduction of capacity, 289-91
relocation in Alabama, 57, 270-72
shipment of trainees from, 288
status, 7 December 1941, 265
supply of trainees, 287-88
training policies, 274-77
training procedures, Camp Sibert, 279-82
trend toward generalized training, 277-79
Research and Development
additional wartime facilities, 132-41
American-British coordination, 77-78
interchange of information among U.S., Britain,
and Canada, 89
policy on, 1937-39, 37-38
projects undertaken between the wars, 30-31
testing facilities, 134-38
Research on toxic agents, World War I, 5
Reserve CWS Regiments, 203-04
Reserve Officer Training, CWS, 33
emergency period, 225-28
prewar, 189-90
Reserve Officers, CWS, 144
components, prewar, 189
effect of rank on organization, 97
Thomason Act officers, 227
Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC)
courses, 33
prewar, 190
units, 203
Rhoads, Cornelius P., 105
Rockwood, Col. Alfred L., 111, 111n
Rocky Mountain Arsenal, 120, 121
civilian employees, 164-67
civilian personnel organization, 168
divided responsibility for maintenance at, 180
employee relations at, 172-73
employee training, 173, 174-75
recruits sugar mill workers, 167
utilization of prisoners of war, 167
WAC personnel at, 153
Western Chemical Warfare School, 353-54
Rodent control, 31
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 36, 63, 85, 87, 88, 107, 108
gas warfare policy, prewar, 197
proclamation of national emergency, 3 September 1939, 199
vetoes designation of CWS as Chemical Corps, 22
Rothschild, Capt. Jacquard H., 133
–S–
Safety, civilian training in, 173-74, 182
San Francisco Procurement District, 32, 111, 176
San Jose Division, OCCWS, 106, 138
San Jose Island, 106
San Jose Project, 135-38
Sawders, Col. James C., 182
Sears, Col. Joseph D., 139, 246
Security, 183
Selective Service, 149
Service Commands, maintenance services at arsenals, 179-80
Services of Supply. See Army Service Forces (ASF).
Shekerjian, Brig. Gen. Haig, 128, 129, 270, 274
Sibert, Maj. Gen. William L., 11-12, 12n, 16, 27
Signal Corps
Army Pictorial Division, 138
gas warfare responsibilities, World War I, 5
Sims, Rear Admiral William S., 34
“Situation Room,” OCCWS, 94
Smoke, 121
in CW School curriculum, 194-95
in landing operations, 300
training with, 394-95
Smoke generator, M1, 308
Smoke generator, M2, 263
Smoke generator companies
classified as service, 307
first organized, 307
Smoke Generator Company, 71st Chemical, 169
Smoke pots, 71-72
Somervell, Gen. Brehon B., 92, 129, 130, 141
directs activation of Control Division, 94-95
on manpower conservation, 177-78
suggests title of USCWC, 68
urges use of POW’s, 181
Spaatz, Brig. Gen. Carl A., 46
Special Assignments Branch, OCCWS, 107
Special Projects Division, OCCWS, 107-439
SPHINX, 87
Stilwell, Gen. Joseph W., 86, 87
Samson, Henry L., 47, 49, 50, 59-60, 62, 107, 108
Styer, Maj. Gen. Wilhelm D., 101
Subcommittee on Operations, USCWC, 81
Supply, U.S.-British coordination, 71-72
Supply Division, OCCWS, 109, 122, 125
depot employee training, 175
plans work measurement at depots, 180
Surgeon General, The, 47, 105, 349. See also Medical Department gas warfare responsibilities in World War I.
–T–
Talmadge, Lt. Col. Ralph H., 134
Technical Bulletin, 257
Technical Division, OCCWS, 101, 109, 119
Technical Manuals, 256-57
Technical Service, OCCWS, 43, 96, 99
Terre Haute, Indiana, 140
Terre Haute BW Plant, 108
Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College, 33, 190, 241, 242
Toxic agents, 120-21
suspension of work on, post-World War I, 24
World War I research on, 5
Training, CWS mission, 187-88
Training Aids Section, CWC, 254
Training Battalion, 2nd, 271
Training Circulars, 257
Training Directive, WD, 1940-41, 384
Training Division, OCCWS, 101, 283-84, 284-85, 310
inspection of gas defense training, 389
mortar training, 304-05
preparation of Training Manuals, 253, 255
specialist training, 330
Tactical Doctrine Branch, 255-56, 258
Training Manuals, preparation of, 253-56, 258-61
Training of civilian workers, 173-76
Transportation Corps, 164
Troop basis, CWS
increased, 58
as of May 1942, 267
Troop schools at CWS Unit Training Center, 327-28
Troop units, CWS, increase in, 1941-43, 265
Truman, Harry S., 87
Twaddle, Brig. Gen. Harry L., 48
Tyner, Brig. Gen. George P., 204
–U–
Unit Training, CWS, 336-38
aims of, 296
gas defense, prewar, 193-94
in mortar battalions, 304-05
responsibility for, 297-98
supervision of, 334-36
Unit Training Center, CWS, 272-73
activation, 312
administration, 128-29
advanced unit training, 333-34
basic training of replacements in, 295-96
facilities, 319-22
military organization, 316-19
operates officer pool, 283
operations, 326-29
problems, 337-38
specialist training, 329-33
staff organization and functions, 313-16
supervisory activities, 335
training programs, 324-25
trains smoke generator companies, 308
troop schools, 327-28
weapons training, 328-29
United States Biological Warfare Committee (USBWC), 108
United States Chemical Warfare Committee (USCWC)
appointed by Commanding General, ASF, 66
composition of committee, 66
coordinates research and development, 77-78
coordination of supply, 70-75
name suggested by General Somervell, 68
preparation of Readiness Reports, 79-80
promotes interchangeability of matériel, 75-76
subcommittee on operations, 81
subcommittees, 70
United States Employment Service, 157
United States Office of Education, 175
United States Public Health Service, 31
Units, CWS
basic training of replacements in, 295-96
total activated, 294
University of Florida, 241, 242
University of Maryland, 241, 242, 246
University of Washington, 241
–V–
Van Domelen, Floyd, 158
Vedder, Lt. Col. Edward B., 34
Vigo Plant, 140-41
–W–
Wage Administration Agency, 158
Wage rates, Edgewood Arsenal, 156-58
Waitt, Brig. Gen. Alden H., 69, 103
Walker, Lt. Col. William H., 9, 11, 12, 12n
Walmsley, Col. Harold, 132
War Manpower Commission, Industry Agency of, 173
War Plans and Theaters Division, OCCWS, 101
War Plans Division, WDGS (WPD). See also Operations Division, WDGS (OPD).
gas warfare study, 50-51
study on toxic agents, 384
War Research Service (WRS), 107
Washington Arms Conference of 1921, 19-20, 24
WBC (Committee on Biological Warfare), 47, 107
Weed, Lewis H., 47
Weedon, Lt. Col. Sidney L., 183
West Coast Chemical School, 130-32. See also Western Chemical Warfare School.
Western Chemical Warfare School, 132
courses, 354
established at Camp Beale, 353
inactivated, 355
transferred to Rocky Mountain Arsenal, 353-54
Whipple, Dorothy A., 162
Whitesides, Col. Sterling E., Jr., 111n
Willett, Col. Maurice S., 123n
Wilson, Brig. Gen. Alexander, 121n, 148, 340
Wisconsin, University of, 143
Women
employed at CWS arsenals, 164-66
employed at CWS depots, 168
employed by procurement districts, 171
recruited as inspectors, 176
Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC), 135, 150, 152-54
Wood, Col. John R., 105
Work measurement, 177, 178, 179, 180-81
Work simplification, 177, 178, 179
World War I preparations for gas warfare. See Gas Warfare, World War I.
Worthley, Col. H. N., 108
–Y–
Ypres, gas attack in 1915, 19